Fleet operator performance perspective
3 fewer vehicles needed in express routing: due to congestion at the center “hub” nodes of sequentially routed network
Vehicle utilization much more “balanced” with express routing :
Few vehicles running empty
Few vehicles running at capacity (indicates more schedule slack)
Backup:
Practical using 2 (4 with bypass) rail lines: fairness via 4 vehicle berths / station: all vehicles can leave in any direction in any order